Castor Oil 369–372įAO (2013) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Long JL (2005) Gale Encyclopedia of alternative medicine. Yeganeh H, Mehdizadeh MR (2004) Synthesis and properties of isocyanate curable mill able polyurethane elastomers based on castor oil as a renewable resource polyol. Tchuenteu TL, Megueni C, Njintang YN (2013) A study of the variability for grain and oil yield and yield related traits of castor beans accessions in two savannah agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. 42:573–584Īntwi S, Martey ONK, Donkor K, Nii-Ayitey Okine LK (2009) Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Blighia sapida (Sapindaceae) in rats and mice. plants against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Pavela R, Vrchotova N, Era B (2008) Growth inhibitory effect of extracts from Reynoutria sp. Nkya TE, Akhouayri I, Poupardin R, Batengana B, Mosha F, Magesa S, Kisinz W, David JP (2014) Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a case study in Tanzania. Egypt J Agric Res 2:645–661Ībul-Nasr S, El-Sherif ST (1973) Seasonal fluctuations of the egg masses of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in cotton fields. ve toxicity of chlorfluazuron and lefnuron against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Kandil MA, Abdel-Aziz NF, Sanmour EA (2003). J Econom Entomol 90:1690–1696Īzab SG, Sadek MM, Crailsheim K (2001) Protein metabolismin larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its response to threemycotoxins. J Appl Entomol 67(1–4):261–266īerlinger MJ, Miller AR, Tal M, Tamim M (1997) Resistance mechanism of Lycopersicon pannellii accessions to Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Salama H, Dimetry NZ, Salem S (1971) On the host preference and biology of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis Bois. These results suggest that castor oil nanoemulsion has no effect on gonadotropic or hormone levels in either sex at doses 100–200 mg/kg/14 days. In females, no changes in the levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, and progesterone were observed at any dose. In males, no treatment-related changes in the levels of Testo, LH, and FSH were observed at any dose. No histopathological changes in the ovaries or testes were observed at any dose. The reproductive organs were collected for histopathology study. However, the reproductive system toxicity was monitored by quantitative analysis of the serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (Prog), testosterone (Testo), and prolactin (PRL). To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on the adverse effects of castor oil with a new nanoemulsion formulation on hormonal and histological changes in the reproductive system of albino rats in Egypt which stimulated our interest to investigate this in nano-sized in Egypt. Castor oil nanoemulsion was the most effective followed by castor oil, where the LC 5o and LC 9o values were 9.05 and 40.59 ppm/cm 2, respectively, for castor free oil. The bioassay technique was performed using thin film to estimate LC 50 and LC 90 values against the 4th instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) under laboratory conditions. It is suggested that castor oil can be used as a good oil phase in nanoemulsion formulation. Castor oil nanoemulsion successfully passed all the thermodynamic stability tests, with no phase separation, cracking, or creaming. The formulation was a good nanoemulsion, and the formula exhibited acidic pH value (5.90), viscosity 90.40 cPs, zeta potential − 20 mV, and size distribution 174.6 nm, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoemulsion was found to be 0.393. The nanoemulsion characterization and evaluation including pH, viscosity, zeta potential value, and the particle size distribution of the nanoemulsion were measured. Castor oil was formulated by using a new generation of formulations as nanoemulsions bio-based oil-in-water nanoemulsion was conducted by a low-energy method. Different formulations, such as nanoemulsions, have been widely used in recent years for target delivery and enhanced biological functions of pesticide combinations.
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